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Common Water Treatment Devices

DevicePrimary UseLimitations
Carbon Filter Removes chlorine, some organic chemicals, resin, general taste and odor problems. Does not remove nitrate, bacteria, or metals. Periodic replacement of activated charcoal required.
Mechanical Filter Removes sand, soil, and other causes of turbidity. Requires regular cartridge replacement or backwashing (depending on type) to maintain effectiveness.
Water Softener Replaces water hardness minerals (calcium, magnesium) with sodium Improves cleaning action of soaps, detergent. Prevents scale deposits in pipes, equipment. Removes calcium and magnesium, replacing with sodium (consult physician if sodium in diet is a health concern).

Softened water can be more corrosive than unsoftened water.

Periodic backwashing and regeneration required.
Iron Filter Removes iron and manganese that can cause staining of clothes and plumbing fixtures Prevents odor caused by iron, manganese. Periodic backwashing, addition of potassium permanganate required (frequency dependent on water usage, iron content).
Neutralizer Treats corrosive or acidic water.May increase sodium or water hardness.
Distillation Units Removes most impurities including minerals and organic chemicals from drinking water. Distillation takes time and can be expensive. Storage space is needed for treated water.

Distilled water has a flat or bland taste.

Hard water increases maintenance of distiller.
Reverse Osmosis Removes most dissolved and suspended impurities from water. Reverse osmosis wastes up to 50% of water. Process requires time and storage of treated water.

Hard water clogs membrane.

Carbon and mechanical filters may be required to pretreat water.

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